HSAs and Greater Than 2 Percent Shareholders

Health savings accounts (a.k.a. HSAs) are becoming more and more common in the workplace. With an HSA, both the qualifying employee and the employer can contribute to the employee’s HSA. HSAs have many appealing elements – three of those attributes are:

1)When a qualifying individual contributes to his or her HSA, the employee will be able to take an above-the-line deduction for the contribution on his or her individual income tax return.

2)When an employer contributes to an employee’s HSA, the employer can take a business deduction for the amount of their contribution and the employee does not have to report the contribution as taxable income.

3)All withdrawals used to cover qualified medical expenses are tax-free.

With the items listed above, it looks like it is a win-win situation for the employer and employee, right? The answer is yes unless the employee is a greater than 2 percent shareholder of the company.

Greater than 2 percent shareholders of an S Corporation have different requirements when it comes to an HSA. Any contribution made by the employer to the HSA of a greater than 2 percent shareholder must be included as taxable income on the shareholder’s W-2, but are not subject to employment taxes. To help offset the impact of including the company’s contribution as taxable wages, the shareholder can take an above-the-line tax deduction on their personal income tax return equal to the contribution.

Please contact me if you have questions regarding HSA contributions or would like additional information about HSAs.

Many business owners have heard of the Section 179 deduction in relation to capital assets that are purchased. However, special rules are in effect regarding Section 179 as it relates to the purchase of vehicles. Read on to see if your vehicle purchase will qualify for the Section 179 deduction.

For a majority of passenger vehicles that are used primarily for business, total depreciation allowed in a year, including Section 179, is limited to $11,160. For trucks and vans, the deduction is limited to $11,560 per year. As with any rule, however, there are exceptions.

A $25,000 deduction is allowed by businesses who purchase a vehicle that has a gross vehicle weight of over 6,000 lbs. but not over 14,000 lbs.

A full deduction equal to 100 percent of the total cost is allowed for businesses in certain industries. If you are in the ambulatory industry and purchase an ambulance, you can deduct 100 percent of the cost in the first year using Section 179. This same rule applies to businesses that utilize a hearse in their normal course of business, i.e., funeral homes. Taxis and transport vans are a few additional examples where 100 percent of the cost can be deducted using Section 179.

It is always best to consult your accountant when you are thinking about purchasing a capital asset, especially vehicles, to ensure you have a correct understanding of the deduction for which you will qualify.

In January 2017, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) issued the final standard on identifying and reporting fiduciary activities under Statement No. 84.

The statement identifies four fiduciary funds that should be reported: 1) pension (and other employee benefit) trust funds, 2) investment trust funds, 3) private-purpose trust funds, and 4) custodial funds. Custodial funds generally should report fiduciary activities that are not held in a trust or equivalent arrangement that meets the specific criteria.

The majority of school district financial statements include fiduciary funds that typically include scholarship funds, trust funds, and student activity funds.

The statement establishes criteria to help school districts identify fiduciary activities and how those activities should be reported.

The statement focuses on two criteria for identifying fiduciary activities:

Is the school district controlling the assets of the fiduciary activity?
Who are the beneficiaries with whom fiduciary relationships exist?

Based on the above criteria, if you determine that your school district has fiduciary activities, then you will report a fiduciary fund in the basic financial statements.

School districts will present two financial statements for the fiduciary fund

A statement of fiduciary net position
A statement of changes in net fiduciary position.

The statement of changes in net fiduciary position is a new statement that is required for all fiduciary activities. Previously, it was only required to be presented for school districts with trust funds.

In past years, school districts recorded an asset and a corresponding liability for the various student activity funds. Under the new guidance, school districts will report all additions and deductions for the activity funds for the fiscal year, as well as an asset and net position for the fund at the end of the year.

The statement is effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. This means for school districts the statement is effective for fiscal years ending June 20, 2020. This statement will have an impact on the reporting of fiduciary funds for all school districts. You have plenty of time to plan, identify your fiduciary activities and set up new chart of account numbers in order to start the year of implementation properly.

If you have questions or need assistance, please contact your local Yeo & Yeo professional.

How do I know if I’ve outgrown QuickBooks?

No matter what industry your business operates in, it is likely that you can only use QuickBooks for so long. It’s a great solution for a lot of companies. However, many companies get to a point where QuickBooks is not the best solution anymore. How do you know if your company has reached that point? Some of the common indicators include:

You find yourself and your accounting staff doing more and more in Excel.
You use other systems and solutions to track information and import summary information.
- i.e., you do payroll in-house, but use something other than Intuit Payroll.
- You track and pay invoices and bills in outside systems.
You are entering the same data in multiple systems/places.
You have more users than login credentials.

What are my options?

You have determined that your company may do better using a different accounting solution. Now, what should you do? Numerous accounting software options are available – here are some of the more popular options for construction industry users and some of their benefits:

ComputerEase
- Offers flexible billing options
- Tracks retainages
- Customized reporting
sage 100c MasterBuilder
- Accurately create bids
- Export estimates from bids for budgets, proposals, purchase orders and subcontracts
- Offers a project center to see all project management details in one space
Foundation
- Integrated job costing
- Manage documents related to project management
- Mobile timecards for payroll
Before choosing any software, you should evaluate where the redundancies are in your current system, what you want your accounting system to be able to do, and your price range.

Software selection is an important decision. Being able to use the available features to their fullest potential can help to increase productivity, generate complete income and expense information, and provide the most useful information for strategic decision-making during the year.

The professionals of Yeo & Yeo’s Computer Accounting Solutions team understand the challenges that construction companies face when using financial accounting software programs. When you are ready to consider new software, we can assist you in evaluating your needs, selecting and implementing many of the top-rated financial accounting software packages. For assistance, please contact your local Yeo & Yeo office.

In today’s rough-and-tumble world of mergers and acquisitions (M&As), buyers need to get to know business sellers and their executives, test their representations about asset condition and financial performance, and screen for common fraud schemes. Here’s why.

Whose side are they on?

Without adequate M&A due diligence, unwary buyers could fall victim to false representations by sellers that never pan out after the deal closes. Or they may inherit a hornet’s nest of white-collar crime and embezzlement by employees.

Even if a company has internal controls in place, owners and executives can override them. These individuals have access to financial statements, and may have incentives — such as to receive bonuses for exceeding certain growth targets — to falsify them.

So it’s essential to perform background checks on your acquisition target’s owners and C-suite executives. A thorough check can uncover past involvement in criminal embezzlement, theft, forgery and other types of fraud, as well as involvement in civil Litigation Support. It could also reveal falsified items on their resumés and other pertinent personal claims.

How “creative” is the business?

Financial statements should also be scoured for misstatements. Some owners may use “creative” accounting techniques to artificially inflate a company’s value. They might, for example:

Prebook revenues,
Leave stale receivables on the books,
Record phantom inventory,
Defer expense recognition, or
Lend money to major customers so they can make large purchases that will inflate sales numbers.

Owners might also hide liabilities, falsify transactions with related parties, overvalue receivables and securities, and overstate inventories to boost the selling price.

Tip of the iceberg

Unfortunately, this is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to fraud schemes that could diminish the value of your acquisition. In addition to performing financial and legal due diligence, be sure to tour your target’s facilities and interview management for insight into the company’s culture. For help conducting due diligence, please contact us.

Yeo & Yeo CPAs & Business Consultants is asking for manufacturing company owners and managers to participate in the second Yeo & Yeo / Leading Edge Alliance (LEA) National Manufacturing Outlook Survey. The survey results will provide valuable benchmarking data for manufacturers.

This short (< 25 questions) survey asks about manufacturing companies’ performance this year, managers’ expectations for next year, and the strategies that high-performing manufacturers find most effective. Individual responses will be kept strictly confidential. The survey closes on October 30. In January, the resulting aggregate report will be available on Yeo & Yeo’s website, providing insightful industry data as manufacturing companies plan for 2018.

The leader of Yeo & Yeo’s Manufacturing Services Group, Amy Buben, says, “Small and medium-size manufacturers rely on their trusted advisors and each other more than ever. Last year’s survey results were valuable for companies to compare their operation with others and see the trends. We expect that this year’s survey results will be even more beneficial, giving insight into the strategies that manufacturers are planning for 2018.”

Also, by completing the survey, participants will be entered for a chance to win one of six $300 Visa or Mastercard gift cards.

Click here to participate in Yeo & Yeo’s 2017 National Manufacturing Outlook Survey.

This project is in partnership with LEA Global and is being conducted in association with leading accounting firms across the country. Please contact Yeo & Yeo if you have questions or concerns.

Read, U.S. Manufacturers Expect Revenue Growth in 2017 According to Manufacturing Outlook Survey, for the results of the 2016 survey.

If you own a profitable, unincorporated business with your spouse, you probably find the high self-employment (SE) tax bills burdensome. An unincorporated business in which both spouses are active is typically treated by the IRS as a partnership owned 50/50 by the spouses. (For simplicity, when we refer to “partnerships,” we’ll include in our definition limited liability companies that are treated as partnerships for federal tax purposes.)

For 2017, that means you’ll each pay the maximum 15.3% SE tax rate on the first $127,200 of your respective shares of net SE income from the business. Those bills can mount up if your business is profitable. To illustrate: Suppose your business generates $250,000 of net SE income in 2017. Each of you will owe $19,125 ($125,000 × 15.3%), for a combined total of $38,250.

Fortunately, there are ways spouse-owned businesses can lower their combined SE tax hit. Here are two.

1. Establish that you don’t have a spouse-owned partnership

While the IRS creates the impression that involvement by both spouses in an unincorporated business automatically creates a partnership for federal tax purposes, in many cases, it will have a tough time making the argument — especially when:

The spouses have no discernible partnership agreement, and
The business hasn’t been represented as a partnership to third parties, such as banks and customers.

If you can establish that your business is a sole proprietorship (or a single-member LLC treated as a sole proprietorship for tax purposes), only the spouse who is considered the proprietor owes SE tax.

Let’s assume the same facts as in the previous example, except that your business is a sole proprietorship operated by one spouse. Now you have to calculate SE tax for only that spouse. For 2017, the SE tax bill is $23,023 [($127,200 × 15.3%) + ($122,800 × 2.9%)]. That’s much less than the combined SE tax bill from the first example ($38,250).

2. Establish that you don’t have a 50/50 spouse-owned partnership

Even if you do have a spouse-owned partnership, it’s not a given that it’s a 50/50 one. Your business might more properly be characterized as owned, say, 80% by one spouse and 20% by the other spouse, because one spouse does much more work than the other.

Let’s assume the same facts as in the first example, except that your business is an 80/20 spouse-owned partnership. In this scenario, the 80% spouse has net SE income of $200,000, and the 20% spouse has net SE income of $50,000. For 2017, the SE tax bill for the 80% spouse is $21,573 [($127,200 × 15.3%) + ($72,800 × 2.9%)], and the SE tax bill for the 20% spouse is $7,650 ($50,000 × 15.3%). The combined total SE tax bill is only $29,223 ($21,573 + $7,650).

More-complicated strategies are also available. Contact us to learn more about how you can reduce your spouse-owned business’s SE taxes.

A tried-and-true tax-saving strategy for investors is to sell assets at a loss to offset gains that have been realized during the year. So if you’ve cashed in some big gains this year, consider looking for unrealized losses in your portfolio and selling those investments before year end to offset your gains. This can reduce your 2017 tax liability.

But what if you expect an investment that would produce a loss if sold now to not only recover but thrive in the future? Or perhaps you simply want to minimize the impact on your asset allocation. You might think you can simply sell the investment at a loss and then immediately buy it back. Not so fast: You need to beware of the wash sale rule.

The rule up close

The wash sale rule prevents you from taking a loss on a security if you buy a substantially identical security (or an option to buy such a security) within 30 days before or after you sell the security that created the loss. You can recognize the loss only when you sell the replacement security.

Keep in mind that the rule applies even if you repurchase the security in a tax-advantaged retirement account, such as a traditional or Roth IRA.

Achieving your goals

Fortunately, there are ways to avoid the wash sale rule and still achieve your goals:

Sell the security and immediately buy shares of a security of a different company in the same industry or shares in a mutual fund that holds securities much like the ones you sold.
Sell the security and wait 31 days to repurchase the same security.
Before selling the security, purchase additional shares of that security equal to the number you want to sell at a loss. Then wait 31 days to sell the original portion.

If you have a bond that would generate a loss if sold, you can do a bond swap, where you sell a bond, take a loss and then immediately buy another bond of similar quality and duration from a different issuer. Generally, the wash sale rule doesn’t apply because the bonds aren’t considered substantially identical. Thus, you can achieve a tax loss with virtually no change in economic position.

For more ideas on saving taxes on your investments, please contact us.

Yeo & Yeo CPAs & Business Consultants has been selected as one of Michigan’s Best and Brightest in Wellness for the fourth consecutive year. The program highlights companies, schools and organizations that promote a culture of wellness, as well as those that plan, implement and evaluate efforts in employee wellness to make their business and their community a healthier place to live and work.

“This is an exciting achievement that recognizes Yeo & Yeo’s commitment to the health and well-being of our employees,” said Thomas E. Hollerback, president and CEO of Yeo & Yeo. “The focus is to help employees make real changes in their health and lifestyle behaviors at home and in the workplace.”

Yeo & Yeo supports wellness for its employees by paying a large portion of healthcare premiums, helping to keep costs low for employees. The firm has a high percentage of participation in its wellness plan and healthcare premium reduction incentive. Another initiative is the firm’s Fitbit Fitness Program. Themed, monthly challenges for individuals and teams, along with prizes and friendly competition, have resulted in a high level of participation. New this year, Yeo & Yeo introduced an Ergonomic Standing Desk option for employees, for a healthier work environment. The firm also provides free flu shots.

Nominees were evaluated by using an assessment, created and administered by SynBella, the nation’s leading wellness provider. Criteria for selection included wellness programs and policies, culture and awareness, leadership, participation and incentives, communication and measurement, among others. A total of 527 companies and organizations were nominated for the award. Of those organizations, 241 completed the entire selection process, and 123 winners were chosen.

Yeo & Yeo will be honored at a symposium and awards celebration on October 20 at The Henry in Dearborn. The program is co-presented by MichBusiness, Michigan Food and Beverage Association, and Corp! magazine. Winners will be featured in the November issue of Corp! magazine.

Business owners may not be able to set aside as much as they’d like in tax-advantaged retirement plans. Typically, they’re older and more highly compensated than their employees, but restrictions on contributions to 401(k) and profit-sharing plans can hamper retirement-planning efforts. One solution may be a cash balance plan.

Defined benefit plan with a twist

The two most popular qualified retirement plans — 401(k) and profit-sharing plans — are defined contribution plans. These plans specify the amount that goes into an employee’s retirement account today, typically a percentage of compensation or a specific dollar amount.

In contrast, a cash balance plan is a defined benefit plan, which specifies the amount a participant will receive in retirement. But unlike traditional defined benefit plans, such as pensions, cash balance plans express those benefits in the form of a 401(k)-style account balance, rather than a formula tied to years of service and salary history.

The plan allocates annual “pay credits” and “interest credits” to hypothetical employee accounts. This allows participants to earn benefits more uniformly over their careers, and provides a clearer picture of benefits than a traditional pension plan.

Greater savings for owners

A cash balance plan offers significant advantages for business owners — particularly those who are behind on their retirement saving and whose employees are younger and lower-paid. In 2017, the IRS limits employer contributions and employee deferrals to defined contribution plans to $54,000 ($60,000 for employees age 50 or older). And nondiscrimination rules, which prevent a plan from unfairly favoring highly compensated employees (HCEs), can reduce an owner’s contributions even further.

But cash balance plans aren’t bound by these limits. Instead, as defined benefit plans, they’re subject to a cap on annual benefit payouts in retirement (currently, $215,000), and the nondiscrimination rules require that only benefits for HCEs and non-HCEs be comparable.

Contributions may be as high as necessary to fund those benefits. Therefore, a company may make sizable contributions on behalf of owner/employees approaching retirement (often as much as three or four times defined contribution limits), and relatively smaller contributions on behalf of younger, lower-paid employees.

There are some potential risks. The most notable one is that, unlike with profit-sharing plans, you can’t reduce or suspend contributions during difficult years. So, before implementing a cash balance plan, it’s critical to ensure that your company’s cash flow will be steady enough to meet its funding obligations.

Right for you?

Although cash balance plans can be more expensive than defined contribution plans, they’re a great way to turbocharge your retirement savings. We can help you decide whether one might be right for you.

Yeo & Yeo CPAs & Business Consultants is pleased to announce that Alan D. Panter, CPA, has joined the firm as audit principal based in the firm’s Auburn Hills office, and as a member of Yeo & Yeo’s Education Services Group and Government Services Group.

Most recently Panter was a principal at Abraham & Gaffney, P.C. Three staff accountants from Abraham & Gaffney who specialize in audit services also joined Yeo & Yeo’s Auburn Hills office.

“Alan brings a wealth of experience in serving the Audit & Assurance needs of government and education entities,” says David Youngstrom, Principal and Yeo & Yeo’s Assurance Service Line Leader. “With double-digit growth in governmental audits this past year and a growing client base, Alan and his team are a welcome addition to the Assurance Service Line.”

Panter has 28 years of experience working in Big 4 and corporate accounting, including five years’ experience in financial software for government entities. His areas of specialization include audit and consulting services for local government entities, education and nonprofit organizations. He also performs single audits and audits of employee benefit plans, with expertise in internal controls.

“I am excited about the depth of services that Yeo & Yeo provides and to be a part of this talented team. I look forward to extending additional resources to my existing client base, and contributing to the firm’s continued growth in southeast Michigan,” says Panter.

Panter is a member of the Michigan Government Finance Officers Association, Michigan School Business Officials, and Central Michigan School Business Officials.

Any Michigan farmers who grew corn, or had corn grown on their land between the years 2013 and 2016, may be affected by an important legal issue with a substantial financial impact.

In 2013, Syngenta, a Swiss agricultural business, advertised and sold a genetically modified corn seed, Agrisure Duracade, in the United States. At that time the seed had not been approved for use by China, one of the largest exporters of corn in the world.Shortly after that, China rejected all U.S. corn for a period of time due to the possibility of contamination with the unapproved seeds.In response to the change in market demand, corn prices dropped significantly in 2013 and 2014 and still have not fully recovered to this day, causing severe economic damage.

Since this occurrence negatively impacted the entire corn market as a whole, all corn growers who sold corn from 2013 to the present day are potentially entitled to be compensated for damages as part of a class action lawsuit, not just corn growers who used Agrisure Duracade.The potential recovery for damages ranges from 6.5 to 70 cents per bushel of corn produced from 2013 to present day.

This summer, a jury awarded nearly $218 million to Kansas corn producers in the first of eight Syngenta GMO corn class action lawsuits. The other certified state class action lawsuits involve Arkansas, Missouri, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, Ohio, and South Dakota corn producers. Numerous other state class action lawsuits in this matter are awaiting certification, including Michigan’s.
Michigan is one of the few states where the window to file an individual claim is still open – the cutoff date is October 15, 2017 .Once a class action is certified in Michigan, the time to make an individual claim ends.

If you or someone you know has been impacted by the significant drop in corn prices in recent years and would like to consider filing an individual lawsuit against Syngenta, please contact your local Yeo & Yeo office (link to office locations) and ask to speak with a member of Yeo & Yeo’s Agribusiness Services Group. We can help assess your situation and provide guidance on next steps.

Whether you are new to the construction industry or have been working in it for years, you have probably realized that understanding and getting the proper surety coverage can be overwhelming. Surety bonds are a risk mitigation insurance that helps insure those involved in a contract through all phases of the project, from the bidding process all the way through performance and final payment. With the many different types of surety bonds, it is important to identify the type of bond that is necessary for your phase of the project and to mitigate your company’s exposure and ensure you have a high level of coverage if some portion of the contract fails.

In order to be successful in anything, it is important to surround yourself with a strong team and to have the right people in the right place to set yourself up for success. This applies not only to your organization, but with professionals who help support your efforts and objectives (bonding agent, CPA, attorney, etc.). Your bonding agent is vital in keeping you informed of the different types of bonds, ensuring that your company is properly covered and that you are aware of your level of risk if a situation should surface.

While all of this may seem easy enough, your company’s bonding capacity and bonding rate is only as good as the surety’s analysis of your business. A surety is backing your company to follow through on your obligations and as a result they need to be comfortable with that decision. The surety is looking for long-term survival and stability of a company. Some factors used for analysis include analyzing the contractor’s experience, the organization’s management team and employee group and, most importantly, the company financials.

Financial stability plays a significant role in your bonding limitations. Numerous ratios and other metrics are used to analyze your financial data; however, the primary areas analyzed are the company’s equity, debt, and liquidity. Sureties focus on the strength of equity in comparison with levels of debt and the amount of backlog being carried. A contractor’s ability to operate their business without dependence on outside financing is ideal for a surety and results in the greatest level of support. Liquidity is vital in any business, but especially in the construction industry. Rarely in other industries are companies expected to front large sums of money for customers for 60 to 90 days and on top of that they hold back 10 percent retainage. However, this is the norm in the construction world. In order to operate under these circumstances, surety companies evaluate the company’s liquid assets and working capital. These amounts are compared to the remaining costs to complete their backlog projects in order to determine the company’s ability to meet their short-term needs.

Most sureties require financials statements to be audited, reviewed, or at the very least compiled by a CPA. Bonding rates and bonding capacity are directly related to the surety’s level of comfort with the company including the quality of their financial data. Accurate, detailed, and timely financial information is essential. Having up-to-date work in progress (WIP) and job costing allows a project manager the ability to correct problems in a timely manner and prevents projects from sliding. Accurate estimating and WIP analysis when compared to the final contract will build confidence and trust in your financial data. It is important to choose a CPA who understands the construction industry and the unique aspects of construction accounting in order to put the best foot forward with the surety company. With a good understanding of the surety’s perspective and the right team in place to support your organization, you can set your business up for long-term success.

If you have questions or need assistance with strategically positioning your company for bonding, please contact Yeo & Yeo’s Construction Services Group.

Internal controls fight technology-related fraud

The ability to accept and make online payments offers obvious benefits to municipalities that are under constant time and budgetary pressures. It may also be subject to fraud attempts that can dodge traditional internal controls. Fortunately, measures are available to combat these risks.

Making online disbursements

Many municipalities are now paying certain bills online, rather than mailing payments. Of course, the ability to make online payments essentially makes the employee who does so a check signer who can, in turn, make unauthorized payments. Similarly, the employee who oversees direct deposit payroll transactions may choose to pay “ghost” employees, give unauthorized raises or otherwise divert funds.

If your municipality makes these types of online disbursements, ensure that all payments are subject to an independent review by a different employee. The reviewer can check payments online or examine the bank statements for discrepancies. The reviewer should also study payroll reports that come directly from the payroll system (vs. coming from the employee who oversees payroll). The reviewer should be aware that those two employees might be working together to commit fraud. Your bank might offer verification services to confirm that payments are authorized before they clear.

Accepting payments

One of the most significant changes in municipalities’ revenue cycles in recent years has been the adoption of systems that allow online payments for services, taxes, and fees. These payments generally are deposited directly into the municipality’s bank account.

The risk is that the employee responsible for the online payment system could redirect the ultimate destination of payments. If the accounting department records income based on bank deposits, this fraud could go undetected. To close this control gap, make sure you take the added step of reconciling the bank deposits against online income from the receipt system.

Protecting privacy

Many municipalities possess their citizens’ credit card information and other personal data, making them potential targets for both internal and external hackers and fraud. Imagine the consequences if criminals were to access confidential data. It could be disastrous in terms of remedial costs, legal liability and reputational damage.

Perhaps the most effective privacy control is adherence to the Payment Card Industry (PCI) Data Security Standard (DSS). DSS applies to all entities that store, process or transmit credit cardholder data and outlines technical and operational system requirements to protect that data. Although DSS is not technically a law, several states have enacted legislation mandating compliance with some of its provisions.

The DSS requirements vary depending on the number and type of credit card transactions an organization conducts, both online and offline. It is a good idea, though, to take steps to comply with the strictest requirements, including:

Installing and maintaining a firewall to protect cardholder data,
Encrypting the transmission of cardholder data,
Restricting access to cardholder data with unique IDs and on the basis of “need to know,” and
Using and regularly updating antivirus software.

Although it is not a requirement, PCI also strongly recommends “segmenting” (or isolating) the cardholder data environment from the rest of the network. (To learn more, visit https://www.pcisecuritystandards.org.)

Required resolutions

As a general reminder, in Michigan, if a municipality accepts or makes online payments, such as payments through the automated clearing house or credit card transactions, certain written policies are required and must be adopted, by resolution, by the governing body.

Electronic transactions of public funds – if bills are paid electronically, the governing body must adopt a resolution in accordance with Public Act 738 of 2002; MCL 124.301 – 124.305.
Credit card purchases – if a municipality pays bills using a credit card, a separate resolution must be adopted by the governing body in accordance with Public Act 266 of 1995; MCL 129.241 – 129.247.
Credit card receipts – if a municipality accepts credit cards as a form of payment, a resolution must be adopted by the governing board in accordance with Public Act 280 of 1995; MCL 129.221 – 129.224.

The overall purpose of these laws and the resolutions created through them are to ensure municipalities establish solid internal control structures before allowing electronic transactions. This will help prevent, or detect and correct, fraud or errors.

Proceed with caution

There is no turning back from the technological advances municipalities are currently enjoying. The key is to remain vigilant against the evolving risk of fraud.

If your municipality does not have appropriate policies in place and you would like help establishing sound policies, contact your Yeo & Yeo professional.

Here are some of the key tax-related deadlines affecting businesses and other employers during the fourth quarter of 2017. Keep in mind that this list isn’t all-inclusive, so there may be additional deadlines that apply to you. Contact us to ensure you’re meeting all applicable deadlines and to learn more about the filing requirements.

October 16

If a calendar-year C corporation that filed an automatic six-month extension:
- File a 2016 income tax return (Form 1120) and pay any tax, interest and penalties due.
- Make contributions for 2016 to certain employer-sponsored retirement plans.

October 31

Report income tax withholding and FICA taxes for third quarter 2017 (Form 941) and pay any tax due. (See exception below.)

November 13

Report income tax withholding and FICA taxes for third quarter 2017 (Form 941), if you deposited on time and in full all of the associated taxes due.

December 15

If a calendar-year C corporation, pay the fourth installment of 2017 estimated income taxes.

Equifax, one of the three major credit reporting companies, announced on September 7, 2017, a cybersecurity incident potentially impacting approximately 143 million U.S. consumers. Criminals exploited a U.S. website application vulnerability to gain access to certain files. Based on the company’s investigation, the unauthorized access occurred from mid-May through July 2017.

According to Equifax, “The information accessed primarily includes names, social security numbers, birth dates, addresses and, in some instances, driver’s license numbers. In addition, credit card numbers for approximately 209,000 U.S. consumers, and certain dispute documents with personal identifying information for approximately 182,000 U.S. consumers, were accessed.”

Equifax has established a dedicated website, www.equifaxsecurity2017.com, to help consumers determine if their information has been potentially impacted. In addition to the website, Equifax will send direct mail notices to consumers whose credit card numbers or dispute documents with personal identifying information were impacted. If your information has been compromised, Equifax is providing free identity theft protection and credit file monitoring services. As with any contractual service, be sure to read all terms and conditions.

Please visit www.equifaxsecurity2017.com to learn more about the incident and determine if your information may have been affected.

Two associates within Yeo & Yeo Medical Billing & Consulting have received professional credentials.

Traci Cook completed the required training to become a Certified Professional Medical Auditor (CPMA^®) through the American Academy of Professional Coders. The knowledge required for this certification includes medical documentation, fraud, abuse, and penalties for documentation and coding violations based on governmental guidelines. Traci’s expertise will benefit the company’s healthcare clients as she performs medical record audits to decrease risk and improve compliance.

Traci is a billing and coding consultant and an account manager and has been with Yeo & Yeo Medical Billing & Consulting since 1999. She is a Certified Professional Coder with expertise in the coding of diagnoses, services, and procedures for physician practices, clinics and third-party payors. She is a member of the American Academy of Professional Coders and the Michigan Medical Billers Association.

Denise Garrett completed the required training to become a Certified Physician Practice Manager (CPPM®), through the American Academy of Professional Coders. The knowledge required for this certification includes revenue cycle management, human resources, health information and general business processes. Denise’s expertise will benefit the company’s medical practice clients as she focuses on their business needs including operational efficiencies, staff training, and technology.

Denise is an account manager and has been with Yeo & Yeo Medical Billing & Consulting since 1998. She is a Certified Professional Coder and a Certified Foot & Ankle Surgical Coder, with expertise in the coding of diagnoses, services, and procedures for physician practices.

Learn more about medical billing and practice management consulting services offered by Yeo & Yeo Medical Billing & Consulting.

Occupational fraud is an unfortunate reality for just about every employer, governmental entity or otherwise. But you might be able to reduce the risk of costly losses if you understand some of the common traits of fraud perpetrators. The 2016 Report to the Nations on Occupational Fraud and Abuse from the Association of Certified fraud Examiners (ACFE) provides some useful insights on these characteristics.

How old are the perpetrators?

The ACFE found that 55% of the fraudsters in its study were between the ages of 31 and 45, and the size of the losses rose with the age of the perpetrator. It identified a “line of demarcation” around the age of 40: In all age ranges at or below that age, the highest median loss was $100,000, while the median loss in the ranges above age 40 was $250,000 or higher.

fraud losses also tend to increase the longer a fraudster has worked for the victim organization. Those with six to ten years’ tenure caused a median loss of $210,000, and those with more than ten years’ tenure caused a median loss of $250,000. People who remain with an organization for a long time often move up to higher levels of authority, the ACFE notes, and that gives them the opportunity to commit larger misdeeds.

Which gender are they?

Fraud obviously isn’t limited to one gender, but 69% of perpetrators in the ACFE study were male. This is consistent with gender distributions in previous studies.

Moreover, men generally cause larger losses. The median loss caused by a male perpetrator was $187,000, while the median loss caused by a female was $100,000. This disparity also is consistent with previous studies.

What about educational level?

Perpetrators with a college degree caused a median loss of $200,000, and those with postgraduate degrees rang up a median loss of $300,000. These losses were significantly higher than the losses caused by less educated fraudsters.

The ACFE theorizes that the discrepancy may be heavily influenced by the perpetrator’s department and position of authority. The perpetrators with degrees were more likely to be managers or owner-executives. Higher-level fraudsters are better positioned to override or circumvent anti-fraud measures, so their schemes are harder to detect, run longer and generate more losses.

What should you look for?

Perpetrators tend to exhibit some red flags that may indicate fraud. In the study, of the 17 traits identified, the most common warning signs were:

Living beyond their means,
Financial difficulties,
Unusually close association with a vendor or customer,
Excessive control issues,
A general “wheeler-dealer” attitude involving unscrupulous behavior, and
Recent divorce or family problems.

At least one of the six indicators listed above was displayed in 79% of the cases.

It’s important to remember that the behaviors described above are merely signs of fraud — they aren’t conclusive. Further investigation is required before you take any action, particularly with suspension or termination.

Stay alert

The ACFE estimates that organizations lose 5% of their annual revenues to occupational fraud. That’s a significant chunk of change for any organization, especially a budget-conscious governmental unit. If you suspect your governmental unit might have fallen prey to a fraud perpetrator, or just want to do everything you can to help combat it, your CPA can help.

Regardless of the size of your nonprofit organization, well-documented policies and procedures are an essential component to your continued success. Most nonprofit organizations are designed to carry on their missions beyond the tenure of their current directors, employees and trustees. With that in mind, a well-documented Policies and Procedures manual should serve as a roadmap to operating at your organization’s peak potential. Additionally, get the most mileage from your efforts by using the policies and procedures as a tool to:

Train new employees, and fill in the gaps after an employee’s unexpected departure
Define roles and responsibilities regarding your organization’s internal controls
Hold employees accountable to roles and responsibilities, including frequency of performing certain duties
Reduce the risk of fraud by ensuring adequate segregation of duties and oversight
Comply with documentation requirements set by government grantors, in particular, awards subject to the Uniform Grant Guidance
Improve efficiency in the organization and streamline processes
Document cost allocation methodologies

With so many possible uses, it is imperative not only to establish a Policies and Procedures manual, but also keep it up to date. A good rule of thumb to ensure it is up-to-date is to review existing policies and procedures at least annually, or more frequently during periods of operational change or employee turnover. Using calendar reminders or recurring board agenda items are a great way to integrate this into the organization’s routine. During these reviews, pay particular attention to the following:

Unnecessary redundancies in controls
Controls that have been replaced by automated processes
Adequate documentation regarding intended flow of information and responsibilities for documenting approval and oversight
Appropriate dollar thresholds (including those used for capitalizing fixed assets, use of dual check signers, level of authorization needed for purchases, approval of journal entries, setting employee credit card or P-card limits, board approval of grant contracts, and determining de-minimus gift acceptance thresholds, among others)

The effectiveness of a Policies and Procedures manual requires not only diligence in keeping it up-to-date, but acceptance by those responsible for ensuring its success, including both management and boards. Therefore, management should play a key role in developing, operating and monitoring the established manual, while the board or its designee should review the effectiveness of the policies, procedures and related internal controls. While a template Policies and Procedures manual will rarely capture all the policies and procedures applicable and necessary for each organization, this Policies and Procedures to Document table can serve as a great starting point for developing or evaluating the current processes.

For more information and guidance, contact your Yeo & Yeo advisor.

What’s the value of a financial advisor?

Two studies found that working with a financial professional can result in higher returns and potentially lower personal stress.

Lower Stress

Seventy-seven percent of people within 11-15 years of retirement are stressed when thinking about retirement savings and investments.¹

Working with a financial advisor to develop a written retirement income strategy, however, can increase your financial confidence leading up to retirement, according to Franklin Templeton’s annual Retirement Income Strategies and Expectations Survey.

With and Without²

Investors…	Worry about running out of money	Worry about being a burden on family
With an advisor	23%	5%
Without an advisor	30%	6%

Higher Returns In addition to providing financial guidance, financial advisors may also add about three percentage points in net portfolio returns over time, according to a study by Vanguard.³

Financial Advisor Advice Components⁴

Advice	Advice Elements	Potential Added Return to Investor Portfolio
Portfolio Construction	Asset allocation Asset location	Up to 1.2%
Wealth Management	Rebalancing Drawdown strategies	Up to over 1%
Behavioral Coaching	Managing investor emotions Aiding decision-making	Up to 1.5%

It’s important to remember that financial advisors also may offer guidance that wasn’t measured in the two studies. Advisors can help develop strategies that protect against the financial consequences of loss of income, and coordinate with other financial professionals on tax and estate management.

1. Franklin Templeton, 2016

2. Franklin Templeton, 2016

3. Vanguard.com, 2015

4. Vanguard.com, 2015